IgG‑Loaded Flame‑Made Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles for Transdermal Microneedle Patch Delivery

Delivering biologics, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), across the skin is challenging because of their size-driven poor permeability, hydrophilicity, and enzymatic degradation. Microneedle patches (MNPs) can deliver payloads into the dermis; however, enzymatic degradation necessitates a suitable carrier. Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP), an industrially proven method, was used to generate amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP), and the large aggregates typically produced limit mAbs binding. We hypothesized that further size reduction could improve mAb loading efficiency and uniform distribution within the MNP matrix, thereby enhancing their integration into the MNPs.